Research on Learning Differences

Use the links below to access these articles.

Comorbidity of Reading Disability and ADHD
Willcutt, E. G., & Pennington, B. F. (2000).
Explores the high overlap between reading disabilities and ADHD symptoms, especially inattention, suggesting a shared etiology and gender differences.

🔗 PubMed Abstract   https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15505947/

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Dyscalculia & Dyslexia
“Dyscalculia and dyslexia in school-aged children: comorbidity, support, and future prospects”
Han’s mini-review in Frontiers in Education (2025) synthesizes recent research on the high rate of co-occurrence between dyscalculia and dyslexia, emphasizing the need for integrated instructional approaches. 

🔗 Frontier: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/feduc.2025.1515216/

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Comorbidity Between Reading Disability and Math Disability

Willcutt et al. (2013)
Examines how frequently reading and math learning disabilities co‑occur, highlighting underlying shared cognitive deficits.

🔗 SAGE Journals  : : https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022219413477476

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Peer‑Assisted Learning Strategies (PALS) for Reading
Fuchs, D., & Fuchs, L. S. (1997).

This foundational study in Reading Research Quarterly demonstrates that structured peer tutoring (PALS) improves decoding, fluency, and reading comprehension in early elementary students.

🔗 ERIC PDF  https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ693939.pdf

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Cognitive Profiles of Mathematical Problem-Solving LD
Geary, D. C., et al. (2014).
Investigates third-graders with math-specific learning disabilities, finding that basic arithmetic deficits, alongside attention issues, distinguish them from peers.

🔗 PubMed Abstract  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24939971/

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Single to Multiple Deficit Models of Developmental Disorders
Pennington, B. F. (2006).
Argues for a multi-deficit framework in understanding developmental disorders like dyslexia and ADHD, emphasizing domain-general cognitive risk factors.

🔗 ScienceDirect Abstract  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010027706000771